You can use these terms and summaries for review, or print them out and cut them up and use them like we did in class as a timeline card sort. You may also want to use these to create flashcards for review.
Cards
Japan Invades Manchuria
Starts Japanese aggression to China. Japan intends to create sphere of economic dominance. U.S. responds with embargoes.
Munich Pact
Britain and France engage in appeasement toward Germany, allowing Hitler to take land in exchange for promise to take no more land.
Invasion of Poland
This invasion is considered the start of WWII, as France and Britain respond by declaring war on Germany.
Cash and Carry
Allowed nations at war to buy goodsfrom the US if they paid cash up front and carried the merchandise on their own ships.
Destroyers for Bases deal
The United States gave Great Britain fifty aging destroyers (ships). In exchange, the US received leases on eight British bases in the Western Hemisphere.
Lend Lease Act
Congress authorizes Roosevelt to “sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend or otherwise dispose of to any such government and defense article” which he thought it was “necessary in the interest of the defense of the United States”
Atlantic Charter
A broad statement of US and British war aims. It endorsed self determination and an international system of general security. It also showed FDR’s commitment to opposing German and Japanese aggression.
Pearl Harbor
Attack on this US naval base in Hawaii led directly to US entry into WWII. It was called “a date which will live in infamy” by President FD Roosevelt.
Executive Order 8802
Issued by FDR, prohibited ethnic or racial discrimination in the nation's defense industry. Response to A. Phillip Randolph’s threat to organize a march on Washington to protest discrimination in defense industry.
Executive Order 9066
Authorized the internmentof Americans of Japanese descent and resident aliens from Japan. Japanese residents and Americans of Japanese descent were ordered to sell their property & belongings and report for deportation to camps.
Korematsu v. United States
Case filed saying Japanese internment violated constitutional rights. Court ruled in favor of US, allowing the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII.
Nonaggression Pact
Agreement between Hitler and Stalin that Germany would not attack the Soviet Union. Broken by Hitler when he invaded the USSR (Operation Barbarossa)
Atlantic Charter
Agreement between US (FDR) and Britain (Churchill) strengthening alliance
Tehran Conference
Stalin, FDR, Churchill - First meeting of the Big 3 - discuss the final plan for the defeat of Germany and its allies (Axis)
Yalta Conference
Churchill, FDR, Stalin - Final plans for the defeat of Europe & began discussion post war European Plans. Stalin agrees to send Soviet troops to fight against Japan when war in Europe over.
Potsdam Conference
Stalin & Truman - discuss the unconditional surrender of Japan
Operation Torch
The invasion of North Africa was launched to free the Mediterranean Sea from German control and protect the oil fields in the Middle East
Operation Overlord (D-Day)
Allied invasion of Normandy, France, opening of western front in Europe. Forced Germany to fight on 3 fronts (USSR, France, Italy)
Battle of the Bulge
The last German offensive and the beginning of the end for the Nazis Battle of Midway
Key Pacific battle that stopped the Japanese advance and put them on the defensive for remainder of war.
Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa
Demonstrated tenacity of Japanese soldiers and that the Japanese were not going to give in, revealing how costly an invasion would be
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Sites of atomic bombs used against Japan. Truman authorized use due to the estimated cost in lives of an invasion of Japan. Use of the bombs increased mistrust between US and USSR due to US not telling USSR about bombs
United Nations formed
Intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperationand to create and maintain international order
The Final Solution
The Holocaust. Hitler’s plan to exterminate Jews and others that he considered undesirable. Resulted in the deaths of 6 million Jews and 5-6 million others
Kristallnacht
“night of broken glass”. Nazis in Germany torched synagogues, vandalized Jewish homes, schools and businesses and killed close to 100 Jews.
Nuremberg Laws
Anti-semitic & racial laws passed by Hitler which restricted the rights of Jews in Germany
Nuremberg War Crimes Trials
The allies responded to the war crimes committed during WWII by identifying war criminals and putting them on public trial. 12 Nazi leaders were executed.
Iron Curtain
Tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union were publicly recognize when Winston Churchill said this had descended upon Europe, cutting off Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe from the west.
Containment
US policy, first spelled out by President Truman, of stopping the spread of communism in Europe
Truman Doctrine
Plan to contain communism in Europe and was first applied when the United States supplied military and financial aid to Greece and Turkey to resist the communist-backed rebel forces there.
Marshall Plan
the US offered financial aid to promote economic rebuilding after WWII and prevent the fall of European countries to communism.
Berlin Airlift
The first test of US policy by the Soviet Union came when the Soviets blockaded Berlin. The US won this first Cold War confrontation by sending food and supplies into Berlin via aircraft
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
US sponsored military alliance opposing the USSR and communism.
Warsaw Pact formed
Military alliance of eastern European nations opposing NATO
Korean Conflict
Began when communist north invaded US backed south. The UN authorized the use of force, majority of which was US troops. After much back and forth fighting over the 38th parallel, a cease fire was reached after 3 years.
Launch of Sputnik
Resulted in the US Congress passing the National Defense Education Act to... promote science and math skills counteract the fear that consumerism had made Americans less competitive and less likely to win the arms race.
McCarthyism
Anticommunist crusade that used Big Lie tactics to smear countless diplomats, artists, and statesmen. Big Lie tactics: repeating an untrue accusation of affiliation with communism loudly & often
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Cuban exiles trained by the CIA invaded Cuba, hoping to initiate a popular uprising against Castro. The plan failed and President Kennedy became more determined to prove his Cold War credentials in other world arenas such as Berlin, Vietnam, & Cuba were working
Cuban Missile Crisis
American spy planes photographed nuclear missile sites being built in Cuba. President Kennedy reacted by placing a naval blockade around Cuba to prevent the Soviet Union from arming these sites with bombs. The conflict lasted 13 days with escalating fear of nuclear war. In the end an agreement was reached that ended the crisis and averted nuclear confrontation.
Suez Crisis
President Eisenhower intervened in 1956 and extended containment to the Middle East (Eisenhower Doctrine) after Israeli troops push into Egypt towards Suez Canal after Egypt nationalized it Iran Hostage Crisis
Islamic fundamentalists overthrow Shah. Anger against US led to seizing of the US embassy in Tehran, and the holding of over 150American hostages for over a year
Fall of Berlin Wall
Considered to be symbolic end of the Cold War.
Baby Boom
Caused by an increase in marriage and child birth after soldiers returned home from war.
Growth of suburbia
The wide availability of the automobile and the expansion of highways by the national government during the Eisenhower administration accelerated this. Shopping malls, motels and fast food restaurants followed.
Great Migration
As a result of the concentration of war industries in cities of the Northeast and the west coast, many African Americans moved from the South during the war and continued to move in the 1950s and 1960s to escape poverty and racism.
Women’s Rights Movement
The expansion of the role of women in the workplace during the war helped to lay the foundation for movement for rights
The Feminine Mystique
The publication of this book by Betty Friedan helped launch the modern women’s rights movement